Dissent as crime and Lunacyin Digital era:



A Fresh Reading of Orwell's 1984




--Dr. J.Ravindranath



Abstract



(Human rightsand human dignity have becomea casualty in thisdigital era when the governments have assumed absolute power over the right of privacy of citizens practicing double speak and thought policing. The new vistas of freedom opened byInformation technology havebeen sought to beclosed by the totalitariangovernments. George Orwell's nightmare has become a reality andpolitical dissentis vilified, branded as perversion, subjected to solitary confinement and hounded out of the country as exemplified in cases of Bradley Manning and Edward Snowden. This is 'themost unkindest cut' ofso called kind capitalism in the era of Globalizationthat nullifies human life itself with impunity, let alone human dignity. My paper argues that the freedom of expression and political dissent are degraded as criminal and lunacy whereas thereal crime against people is committed by theruling classes in cahoots with thecorporate sector. I also take upGeorge Orwell's novel entitled, 1984 to make the point that Orwell's dystopia has become a fact and the present worldorder based on "profit first and human next'must be resisted in the interests of freedom and equality.)



This is the era of revolution of informationas well as disinformation. Contrary to theassertions and justificationsby Americawhich waged wars thatdevastatedIraq and Afghanistan, the chemical weapons were not found in Iraq or Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan. If war is the continuation of politics by other means, the neo-colonial wars of aggression by the USA are the continuation ofmarket fundamentalistpolitics through suppression of human rights. This is the inherent nature of the present order under the domination of the lone super power. Does the act of a single president or a few people justify the decade long occupationor destruction of other countries? The presentpaper examines how democracy and human rights are discounted and destroyed under Globalization. It also argues that the freedom of expression and political dissent are degraded as criminal whereas thereal crime against people is committed by theruling classes in cahoots with thecorporate sector. I also take upGeorge Orwell's novel entitled, 1984 to make the point that Orwell's dystopia hasbecome a fact and the present worldeconomybased on "profit first and human next'must be resisted in the interests of freedom and equalityTheSelective democracy ofGlobalization



Globalizationis the rallying cry of the global capitalism headed by the Uncle Sam. It wants all other nations to follow the political andeconomic order designed by itself. Protests were supported incase of Egypt and Libya but not in Turkey or Indonesiaby Kurds or East Timorese respectively. Israel was allowed to have nuclear capability but not Iraq or Iran or North Korea. China and Pakistan could be trade partners despite their violation of human rights or theirmilitarism. India could be arm twisted by America to allow inspection of its nuclearfacilities butnot vice versa. Where is theprincipled stand here? The only thing is "what we say goes" as pointed out by Chomsky in his work of the same title. In the course of history, the Spanish explorers and later the English colonists have committed genocidein Latin and North Americasby reducing the numbers of the natives from ten millions to two lakhsand "the plague of European civilization devastated much of the world"(Chomsky2006, 360).In his work, Deterring democracy , Chomskyargues that the elite of the Westernworld has always treated the common people as 'bewildered herd' , 'rabble' or 'virus' or 'the savages' . Locke's doctrineof barring thecommon peoplefromdiscussingpublic affairshas been adopted as the key principle and also practiced by modern democratic societies to avoid transparency by meanssuch as "classification of documents on the largely fraudulent national security, clandestine operations, and other measures to bar the rascal multitude from the political arena."( Chomsky 2006, 369). To Chomsky, the Russianrevolutionariesalso were no exception in opposingthe democraticaspirationsof the people. While the Force has kept people subdued, the Americanmedia hasn't covered the killings ofthe Arch bishop Romero in 1980 and the Jesuit priests in 1989in El Salvador.In the present timeswe also find American NSA snooping on the mails of its citizens, using propaganda against Iraq over nonexistent nuclear weapons, encouraging mass hypnosis againstbearded Muslims leading to attacks on bearded Sikhs, tortures in Guantanamobay. The irony is thatthe specter of Orwellian dystopia but not communism has been haunting Americain the present though Orwell imagined London in the sway of Socialism and hissatire was more towardsStalinist Russia.Orwell's prophecy proven right



Orwell 's 1984depictshow theBig Brother who watches everything private in the lives of citizens, even their mostintimate moments.In Oceania , the dystopia of Orwell, the rulers resort to double thinkand thought policing. The ministries of love and culture decide the fate of the hapless couples who fall inlove. The rebellion of Winston Smith and Julia has failed because the eye of the Big brother isomnipresentand the protagonistsare compelled to betrayeach other at the end of the novel. The morale of the non-conformistsis brokentoserve asa sternwarning to the potential dissentients who dare todefy the mighty. The three keyslogans of partyin Oceania are--"War isPeace," "Freedom is Slavery," and "Ignorance is Strength."The veryfirstline is striking ."It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen." Smith is aparty worker who works in The Ministry of Truthin regime where the Big Brother watches every thing. ThoughtPolice is omnipresent and "you had to live -did live from the habit that became instinct- in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and except in darkness, every moment scrutinized." (5) Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, Miniplenty are short versions of The Ministries of Truth,peace, love and economic affairs respectively in Newspeak, the official language of Oceania. Smith has begun writing a diary that could attract capital punishment if found and he has to dodge the screen to escape the Big Brother. In the Two-minutehate campaign in which heparticipates, hefeels ambiguous. He hates mass hypnosis whichturnspeople go into frenzy ofhatredtowardsEmmanuel Goldstein( Trotsky), the 'enemy of the State' andmakes them adorebig brother as savior. Smith also feels afraid of a young girl, working in the fiction department being a spy and nowsitting behind him in the hall.He sees hallucinations in which he wouldinflictviolence , ravishmentand deathon her usingrubber truncheon,arrows orthroughcutting herthroat andunderstands thathe hated her sincehe could neversleep with that pretty andgirl wearing the odious scarlet sash, aggressive symbol of chastity. He also makes a momentaryeye contact with O' Brien and thinks the latter was also like-minded fellow. He finds himself writing "Down WithBig Brother " in his diaryWhether he went on with the dairy, or whetherhe didn't go with it, made no difference. TheThought Police would get him just the same. He had committed-would still have committed ,even if he had never set pen to paper-the essential crime thatcontained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed forever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they were bound to get you.(21) The consequences ofthought crime were midnight arrests, missing of the 'criminals', the removal of one's name and history from allrecords, the obliteration of one's existence. "You were abolished, annihilated; vaporizedwas the usual word."(21)George Orwell reveals how ideologicalorthodoxy is a product of unconsciousness and complete obedience. In Oceania, children lose their innocence andinform on their parents or relatives. Winstonfinds the children ofParsons ,his neighbor naughty as well as potential thought Police when the boy calls him a traitor andaims a toy gun at him when he goes to repaira tap at their houseon their mother's request. He also comes to know fromParson howhis daughtercauses the probabledeath of astranger with funny boots by following him and reporting to the police. Smithdoes reeditthe old articlesof the Timesdoctoring the old incidentsin keeping with predictions, fabrication of figures of production, the obliteration of people and invention of war heroes by the partyas a part of his work called 'Reality control'. The gigantic task has been to change the past to control future and control the present to control the past. The process of double think is as follows:To know and no to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling carefully--constructed lies, to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them; to use logic against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it, to believe that democracy was impossible and that the party was guardian to democracy; to forget whatever it was necessary to forget, then to draw it back into memory again at the moment when it was needed, and then promptly to forget again : and above all ,to apply the same process to the process itself.(37)Winstonthinks of his mother and sister who disappeared in the past and feels guilty that they have sacrificed their life for his sake. He meets Symes who has beena member of team oflexicographers of Newspeak. Symes tells him of their work and how they wanted to prunes, verbs and adjectives, nouns and antonyms. For example 'good' can have 'ungood' instead of bad as antonym and can have 'plusgood' or 'doubleplus good'. Orwell also showsthe presence of distrust in relations among people. Smith thinks of vaporization of Symes for his too clevernessin futurebut also suspects him capableof exposing him to Thought police at any time. He alsosees alook of suspicion inMr.Tillotson, a co-worker engaged in doctoring reality like him.Orwell's allegory is against the system of lies that brainwashes the people. In the novel, Winston Smith finds it unbearable thatall --children, the young women, unthinking party men like Parsons, those who practise duckquak through voicing the propaganda and proletariat or 'proles' in Newspeakare conditionedinto submission.Winston Smith's marriage has ended whenKatharine and he couldn't have children. Smith has had to recourse to sex with an old woman prostitute disguised as a young woman and Party has imposed repression of sex on members but not on proles as the slogans was "Proles andanimals are free". EvenThought police and television screens are there to apprehend thought criminals. Desire and sex for pleasurearecriminal and the sexual act for pleasure is tantamount torebellion in the regime.Smith wants to break downthe virtue even for once despite threat of punishment of five years of forced labour. He also sees thepathetic plight ofveteran revolutionaries such as Jones, Aaronson and Rutherford who have beenforced to confess to crimes of spying , embezzlement, murders of loyalists and intrigues against the leader. Later he gets hold of a piece of evidence from a paper in archives that proves that they were in New York on a specific day rather than in Eurasia as claimed by the State. Thecontinuous doctoring of reality makes him feel whether he was a lunatic.Smith's words in his diary, "I understand HOW : I do not understand WHY." He alsowonders, "He might be alone in holding that belief , and if alone ,then a lunatic. But the thought of being a lunatic did not greatly trouble him: the horror was that he might also be wrong."(83)In 2013, the story of Snowdenis rather different.He hasunderstood the megabetrayal by the megalomaniacal power in prying over theinternet and e-mail or mobile communication among people. He has leaked the matter to The Guardian and fled the country to escape the certain arrest and harassment by the government and its agencies. But the earlier arrest and solitary confinement of Bradley manning, a soldier who has done the same thing proved troublesome as he was sentenced heavily and suffered the utmost cruelties of the prison. That makes one understand how Manning who suffered from revulsion towards the American establishment has been persecuted so muchthat he has declared to live as a woman a day after the verdict of punishment in his case. Whoever opposes the American Big Brother's attempts to invade the privacy and freedomsof thepeople at home and abroadleaks the documents areeither spies or lunatics. Glenn Greenwald, a journalist of The Guardiansays " It's that not only Americans, but people around the world, now understand the true aim of the U.S. surveillance system: collect, store, and analyse all forms of electronic communication between human beings. In other words, their goal is, by definition, to eliminate privacy globally." ('Not surprising India has become an important surveillance target', The Hindu,September 23, 2013)Orwell is talking aboutfuture scenario when Airstrip one replaces Britain or England but London remains intact. The currency is not pounds but dollars. Orwell's prophecy is that post-revolutionary London would be more horrible. Winston Smith's effort has been to find out how life before revolution had been. In his wanderings, heenters a bar, seesan old man from whom he tries in vain to dig out iflife wasbetterin pre-revolutionary London. He was disgusted with the ideal ofthe uniformity in thoughts, slogan shouting, perpetual work, persecutionsand triumphant marches and reality was decaying city, malnourished peopleliving in scarcity and insanitary conditions. "He seemed to see a vision of London, vast and ruinous, city of million dustbins ,and mixed up with it was a picture of Mrs. Parsons , a woman with lined face and wispy hair, fiddling helplessly with a blocked wastepipe." (77)One day while coming out ofan antique shop on his unusual visits, he comes acrossJulia , the young woman whom heassumes as belonging to Thought police and indulges in murderous thoughts and turns apprehensive regarding historturous death.



NOW THE PRESENT DAY ENGLAND AND AMERICA ARE COUNTRIES OF ABUNDANCEWHERE THE MAJORITY ARE ASSURED MIDDLE CLASS LIFE AND THEIR GOVERNMENTS ARE DEMOCRATIC BUT SUFFER FROM A FEAR OF TERRORISM. AMERICAIS RESORTING TO THE SNOOPING ON THE MAILS OF THE PEOPLEAND TAPPING OF THE PHONES OFLEADERS OF ALLIED COUNTRIES,SUCH ASANGELAMARKELA, THE PRESIDENT OF GERMANY. " IN ITS LACK OF HESITATION IN SPYING ON ITS CLOSEST PARTNERS, AMERICA'S SELF-IMAGE AS THE LEADING DEMOCRACY CHAMPIONING INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS HAS BEEN SEVERELY DENTED. THE BASIS OF U.S. "SOFT POWER" -- A COMMITMENT TO THE RULE OF LAW AND OPEN SOCIETIES -- HAS LOST MORAL CREDIBILITY IN THE LIGHT OF ITS EFFORTS TO TAP PHONE CALLS, E-MAILS AND SKYPE CONVERSATIONS ACROSS THE GLOBE."( 'THE SPYING GAME', THE HINDU EDITORIAL, OCT.29,2013)



Invasion of Privacy and entrapment by Thought police



The second part of the novel refers tohow they have made their cautious moves to find outtheir feelings of mutualloveunnoticed by telescreens everywhere anda secure place for love. Juliashows more initiative in this regard. She throws away the scarlet sash of Anti-sex league on a bough and gives hima chocolate got from the black market.They listen to the melodious song of the thrush which evokes Winston's feelings. He is delighted to know her promiscuity as a sign of rot in the party. Winston thinks, "But you couldn't have pure love orpure lustnowadays. No emotion was pure, because every thing was mixed up with fear and hatred. Their embrace had been a battle, the climaxa victory. It was a blow struck against the party. It was a political act." (133)Julia , a girl of twenty-six yearshas also worked for some time in the pornosec, a subsection of the department of fiction. In Oceania there were also versificatiors churning out music.Winston has been amazed thinking how many people like her were there in the party rebelling againstthe party slyly. Julia 's concern isfor the present and she has rejected the Partywhenever it affected herlife. She has grasped the inner meaning of Puritanism leading to war hysteria and leader- worship. Smithtells her about his failed marriage withorthodoxand frigid Katharine.Winston rentsthe room at the upstairs in the antique shop ofMr. Charrington for their secret love, forgetting harsh world outside and recapturing the real history. Winstontriesto make her remember that their country has been at war with Eastasia but not Eurasia, the disgraced veteran leaders were really innocent but Julia hasn't been interested in those things. Herefers to the distortion ofrecords, books, pictures and names of streets andbuildings by the Partyandrealizeshow peoplehave swallowed party propaganda to remain sane and safe. He alsorelates Juliahis two dreams of guilt regarding the deaths of his mother and sisterdue to starvation orlife in concentration camps. He tells her that they should not betray each other by stopping loving despite tortures, confession in the dungeons of the Ministry of Love. His aim is to keep the innerheart and its mysterious workings beyond the bounds of the Thought Police.Orwell elaborates analytically how the Thought Police in the forms of O'Brien and Mr. Charringtonlure thecouple--Winston Smith and Julia to become part of the secret organization and make them swear to do every kind of cruel act for the sake of better world in future even in the face ofcertain death.Winston gets a book indirectlyfrom O'Brien, reads it and find how the slogan , 'war is peace' comes to stay. The three blocks--Oceania, Eurasia, Eastasia maintain war hysteria, produce weapons, indulge in phony wars to keep the Proles or the proletariat at the level of subsistence and the system intact. He also knows how the slogan 'Ignorance is Strength' has got established. The successive elites , especially the most recent one called the Party elite perpetuates hierarchy and inequality through thought control, uniformity of thought , complete obedience from members and constant surveillance oftheir private and public lives made easier through print and electronic media. The partymembers are robbed of emotions, pride and intellectual freedom whereas the proles are left at animal level andgiven intellectual freedombut not intellect itself. Here it is relevant to understand that theelite in the course of historyhave alwaystriedto contain or exterminate the ignorant or the savages in colonies.In factthe elite in modern democracies seek legitimacy for their rule from people who have to again fight to wrest their rights and freedoms from the elite andtheir governments. Whoever ruptures the old order has to be tortured or silenced. Now Soviettotalitarianismis history butAmericanabsolutismis the order of the day.The term 'Democracy' is used tojustify the naked aggression and obtainmass supportthrough manufactured consent viaprint and electronic media which has usually played thesecond fiddle to the governments of the day in the context of war.Winston remembers the singing by thrush, looks at theworking class woman singing in the backyardand thinks offuture.The birds sang, the proles sang, the Party didn't sing. All round the world, in London and New York, in Africa and Brazil and in the mysterious , forbidden lands beyond the frontiers, n the streets of Paris and Berlin, in the villages of the endless Russian Plain, in the Bazaars of China and Japan--everywhere stood the same solid unconquerable figure , made monstrous by work and childbearing, toiling from birth to death and still singing. Out of those mighty loins a race of conscious beings must one day come. You were the dead, theirs was the future, But you could share in that future if you kept alive the mind as they kept alive the body, and passed on the secret doctrine that two plus two make four.(230) But the arrest of Julia and Winston halts their story here andleads to the their eventual breakdown under the tortures by Thought Police.Orwell'sportrayal of dystopia has now come true. The Soviet Union and itsEuropean communist allies have ceased to existbut the War machine of the USA isfunctioning relentlessly . Its creation of war hysteria against Iraq, Afghanistan, North Korea, recent saber-rattling against Iran and total support to Israel against the Palestinians and others in the Middle East, its surveillance over e-mailsof the people in the name of combating terrorism, its manufacturing of consent throughmedia and the undermining of the UNO, its perpetuationof inequality vindicate the vision of the novel 1984 in the present. In 1984, the Ministries ofPeace, Truth, Love, and Plenty concern themselves with war, lies, torture and starvation respectively. Except in case of love, America has been guilty of other things mentioned here directly and indirectly. It has never championed the ideal of equality and usedthe ideal of freedom for imposing its way of life on others. If one remembers the inhuman tortures of war prisoners inGuantanamo bay by America andpersecution of Bradley Manning by America and its threat of arrest of Julian Assange, Snowden and Glennwald, one can clearly understand thought policerole ofthe Uncle Sam,not Big Brother ofSoviet era.Assault on Reason and Human dignity



In the third partof the novel 1984 , wefind how thought police uses physical tortureto makepeople toe the Party line .Winston is thrown in the dungeon of the Ministry of Love,sees his neighbor Parsons betrayed by his daughter when he uttered negative thing about the Big Brother in his sleep, andPoet Ampleforthin the same dungeon. Winstonis subjected to horrible tortures and is forced to confesses to every crimeconceivable-- assassinations, subversive propaganda, sabotage, espionage, admiration to capitalism, sexual perversion,killing of his wife Katharine,personal contact with Goldsteinand "hebecame simply a mouth that uttered, a hand that signedwhatever was demanded of him" (254).O'Brien , the director of torturing process of Winston Smith tells him that he had been brought there to be cured of lunacy and defective memory. He tells Smith, "you are here because you have failed in humility, in self-discipline. You would not make the act of submission which is the price of sanity. You preferred to be a lunatic, a minority of one."(261)Winston has also beentold about understanding the world through the eye of the Party and how they strip the dissentients like Smith of their self-respect, capture their inner mind and kill them after their genuine conversion. This is done to deprive him of aura of martyrdom likethe religiousheretics of the middle ages and political opponents killed unrepentant under Nazi and communist regimes. O'Brientells how power, persecution and torture are ends in themselves for them andalsosays,"Everything will be dead inside you. Never again will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, or laughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty, and then we shall fill you with ourselves" (269).Thehorrificexperience which Winston and Julia undergoin prison andthe former'sambiguous feelings towards O'Brien and Big Brother are unraveled in the last pages oforwell's novel. When O' Brien depictsthe face of future as "a bootstamping on a human face"(280), Winston counters him saying that life will defeat them. Then O'Brien replays the record of Winston's voice during his initiation into movement of Brotherhood promising to do every crime conceivable for the sake of the cause of resistance and asks him to look at his grotesque shapein themirrortodamage Smith's sense of physical and moral self.Smith also goes throughthe terror of being shot and at last taken tothe most dreaded room number 101 in which heisfaced with the peril of being eaten away by hungry rats atwhich point he cries for Julia to suffer it for his sake. After his release, he comes to know that his entire affair with Julia has been photographed by Thought Police and when both of them meet on the road casually,only remorse remains for them for their mutual betrayal of their innatelove in the face of the unbearable. Winston sitting in the cafsheds tears, applauds war hysteria, imagines his death and the novel ends with the words, "He loved Big Brother" (311). Flaws of Indian democracy and State repression



In the name of national security, the right to privacy is violated and thefreedom of expression is curbed. In our country, the rulers are afraid of comments evenonthe face book and even casual comments are treated as criminal acts worth punishment. The reforms have increased the economicdivide. More than fifty RTI activists are killed for the crime oftrying for transparentgovernance. There are many flaws in our democracy since 1947 such as incarceration of Sheik Abdulla for more than a decade, the brutal suppression of the Naga movement through 'groupings' where people are kept in camps and the unwilling hounded out ( the same strategy adopted in the present war against the tribals in Jharkhand, Odisha and Chattisgarh), the removal of the Communists from power in Kerala in 1950's, the infringement of civil and political rights in Kashmirnot criticized firmly by the media, the continuous use oflaws such as sedition Law and AFSPA ( Dreze and Sen 245-247) in political process, the criminal casespending against MPs constituting 30percent of the total, the lack of adequate women plotical representation, inner party democracy,judicial accountability, the right to recall (Dreze& Sen 251-252).Another thing is the state terrorism against the tribals who have the legacy of fighting the since the days of the British rule. Arundhati Roy, in herwork ,Broken Republic exposes the nexus between the multi-national concerns in the mining, government and its private armies such as Salwa Judum. When the tribals fight desperately to protect their land and livelihood they are branded as Maoists and killed infake encounters. Even the report released in 2008 by the expert group appointed by thePlanning commission says that naxalism is "a politicalmovementwith a strong base among the landless and poor peasantry and adivasis''(Roy 8-9) but the powers at the helm of affairstreats it as worth crushingand invited foreign firms such as Vedanta for an unbridled plunder of the resources . The Indian constitution of 1950which made the state the custodian of tribal homelands "denied them their traditional rights to forest produce , it criminalized a whole way of life."(Roy 43)Behind 'the benign mask of democracy', India has used its military to solve political problems in Kashmir,the North-east, Punjab and Andhra Pradeshleading to the tortureand killing of lakhs of people. (Roy 123) The upper-caste HinduState also "in true colonial fashionsends Nagasand Mizos to fight in Chhattisgarh, Sikhs to Kashmir, Kashmiris to Orissa,Tamilians to Assam and so on"(Roy 124) . Conclusion



Can the governments enjoyabsolute power tosilence the dissentients oractivists for human rights? Is it fair to branddissentients as criminals orforeign agents or lunatics?Does Globalizationalso mean assault on democracy and human rights?Why can't the government of the largest and successfuldemocracyunderstand andrespond todemocratic demands of people rather thantreating them as expendable in the process of development?The 'Right to Information Act' is a "powerful meansof watching and containing the state-corporate nexus' and laws related to transparency of political funding, corporate lobbying , financial transparency, environmental standards and workers' rights could lead the greedy corporate sector towards norms of social justice. (Dreze& Sen241) Asanswer to these and other ills, Sen advocates 'a vigorous exercise ofpublic reasoning' to develop public understanding and enlightened politics, the equal participation and called in Ambedkarian language a 'mode of associated living'(Dreze& Sen259).The 'Right to Information Act' is a "powerful meansof watching and containing the state-corporate nexus' and laws related to transparency of political funding, corporate lobbying , financial transparency, environmental standards and workers' rights could lead the greedy corporate sector towards norms of social justice. (Dreze& Sen241) Although the arrival ofOrwell's dystopia causes alarm, historyshows that commonpeoplecherish the values offreedom, equality and life with dignitybut not the boot ontheir face as shown by the collapse of the Berlin wall, the former communist regimes, apartheid and the dictatorship in Egypt. While Eric Hobsbawm, the famous historian rejects market fundamentalism and traditional Marxism based on manual working class and avers that "once again the time has come to take Marx seriously" (419), we Indians have to take Ambedkar more seriously.Works cited



Chomsky, Noam. Hegemony orSurvival : America's Quest For Global Dominance. London: Penguin Books, 2004. Print.--- Deterring Democracy. London: Vintage Books, 2006. Print.



Dreze Jean and Amartya Sen. An Uncertain Glory: India and Its Contradictions. London: Allen Lane/Penguin Books, 2013. Print.Hobsbawm, Eric. How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism. London:Abacus,2011. Print. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eigty-Four. New Delhi :Penguin Books India, 2011. Print.Roy, Arundhati. Broken Republic New Delhi: Hamish Hamilton/ Penguin Books ,2011.Print.
Full Post